Monument record 8208 - Roman East Gate

The Roman East Gate, like the North Gate, survived within the fabric of the medieval gate until it was demolished to create a wider arch in 1768. However, like the North Gate, much of what we know about the East Gate comes from 18th century accounts and depictions. Descriptions of the Roman remains from 1768 are provided by Foote Gower and by sources collated by Watkin in 1886. These accounts support the Broster and Williamson depictions with two arches standing in a line with a central stone relief between them, the dimensions suggesting they originally stood 4.26m high. No recent investigation has encountered any further trace of the East Gate, however. The reconstructed plan of the gate would suggest two carriageways flanked by footways and towers with the ground floor of the towers acting as guard chambers. Traces of a substantial wall recorded in the cellars of Huxley’s Vaults on the south side in 1768 may have belonged to the guard room. The defences of the Roman fortress comprised several components: The rampart (artificial bank), built in the late first century, consisted of a core of sand, clay or rubble held in place to the front and rear by revetments of stacked turves. It was set on a base of close-set transverse logs and measured approx 6m wide by perhaps 3m high. The top of the rampart would have been flattened to create a walkway that could be patrolled and would have had been protected by a wooden palisade. In all the defences defined a rectangular space some 592m long and 411m wide. Towers, initially of timber and measuring 4.42m square, were also placed at regular intervals along each wall as well as at each angle of the fortress, while four major gates were placed at each main access point to control traffic in and out. There may originally have been 44 towers in all, including angle and gate towers, the angle towers perhaps being about 45m apart. The towers were later rebuilt in stone, measuring about 6.5 m square, with the angle towers being slightly larger. They were now placed slightly further apart, at about 62.5m, and the total number reduced to 34 or 36. The rampart was separated from a substantial outer ditch by a flat area called a berm. The berm was about 1.8m wide and the primary ditch about 3m wide by 1.5m deep. At a later date the defences were further strengthened by the insertion of a stone revetment wall laid in regular courses each about 0.30m high against the outer face of the rampart. This measured about 1.5m wide by about 4.75m to wall walk level and was again surmounted by stone breastwork. The ditch was widened and deepened, perhaps up to 7m by 3m, although re-cutting has made the dimensions difficult to measure. The date of construction of the stone revetment wall is disputed. It is possible that the southern and eastern sectors were started at the beginning of the second century, along with the towers, but that remaining sectors were not completed until the early third century. Evidence of two phases of reconstruction incorporating re-used stones has been found on all but the south side, accompanied in some cases by rubble in the ditch. It is suggested that reconstruction to the original width is to be dated to the start of the fourth century, but that doubling of the width may belong to the Saxon period.